斯多葛主义
本文最后更新于 2025年5月31日 凌晨
思想
理性
宇宙是一个统一的整体，
理性支配万物的普遍法则，
有时，他们又称它为“逻各斯”，“世界理性”、“上帝”或“命运”
人的戏剧
人生如同赴宴，在其中你的举止应当优雅得体。
-爱比克泰德
我不能逃避死亡,但我还不能逃避对死亡的恐惧吗?
-爱比克泰德
何必为人生的片段而哭泣 ，我们的整个生命都催人泪下 。
-塞涅卡
我们不能控制所有事,但能控制对事情发生的态度.
为一切坏事的发生做好打算，想象到最坏的结果，满足于知晓其可能的发生
选择接受与淡然的生活方式
世界主义&自然法
人人生而拥有共同的理智,是平等的
即使在思想不那么开明的古代,斯多格学派也接纳奴隶或女性
世界主义的滥觞
人类理性独立于特定国家，政治秩序，立法机构或整个社会的制定法而存在
平等的自然法的源头
reference
ielts
1:
Ancient philosophy is not just about talking or lecturing, or even reading long, dense books.
2:
In fact, it is something people have used throughout history – to solve their problems and to achieve their greatest triumphs.
3:
Specifically, I am referring to Stoicism, which, in my opinion, is the most practical of all philosophies and therefore the most appealing.
4:
Stoicism was founded in Ancient Greece by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC, but was practised by the likes of Epictetus, Cato, Seneca and Marcus Aurelius.
5:
Amazingly, we still have access to these ideas, despite the fact that the most famous Stoics never wrote anything down for publication.
6:
Cato definitely didn’t.
7:
Marcus Aurelius never intended his Meditations to be anything but personal.
8:
Seneca’s letters were, well, letters and Epictetus’ thoughts come to us by way of a note-taking student.
9:
Stoic principles were based on the idea that its followers could have an unshakable happiness in this life and the key to achieving this was virtue.
10:
The road to virtue, in turn, lay in understanding that destructive emotions, like anger and jealousy, are under our conscious control – they don’t have to control us, because we can learn to control them.
11:
In the words of Epictetus: “external events I cannot control, but the choices I make with regard to them, I do control”.
12:
The modern day philosopher and writer Nassim Nicholas Taleb defines a Stoic as someone who has a different perspective on experiences which most of us would see as wholly negative; a Stoic “transforms fear into caution, pain into transformation, mistakes into initiation and desire into undertaking”.
13:
Using this definition as a model, we can see that throughout the centuries Stoicism has been practised in more recent history by kings, presidents, artists, writers and entrepreneurs.
14:
The founding fathers of the United States were inspired by the philosophy.
15:
George Washington was introduced to Stoicism by his neighbours at age seventeen, and later, put on a play based on the life of Cato to inspire his men.
16:
Thomas Jefferson kept a copy of Seneca beside his bed.
17:
Writers and artists have also been inspired by the stoics.
18:
Eugène Delacroix, the renowned French Romantic artist (known best for his painting Liberty Leading the People) was an ardent Stoic, referring to it as his “consoling religion”.
19:
The economist Adam Smith’s theories on capitalism were significantly influenced by the Stoicism that he studied as a schoolboy, under a teacher who had translated Marcus Aurelius’ works.
20:
Today’s political leaders are no different, with many finding their inspiration from the ancient texts.
21:
Former US president Bill Clinton rereads Marcus Aurelius every single year, and many have compared former President Obama’s calm leadership style to that of Cato.
22:
Wen Jiabao, the former prime minister of China, claims that Meditations is one of two books he travels with and that he has read it more than one hundred times over the course of his life.
23:
Stoicism had a profound influence on Albert Ellis, who invented Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, which is used to help people manage their problems by changing the way that they think and behave.
24:
It’s most commonly used to treat depression.
25:
The idea is that we can take control of our lives by challenging the irrational beliefs that create our faulty thinking, symptoms and behaviours by using logic instead.
26:
Stoicism has also become popular in the world of business.
27:
Stoic principles can build the resilience and state of mind required to overcome setbacks because Stoics teach turning obstacles into opportunity.
28:
A lesson every business entrepreneur needs to learn.
29:
I would argue that studying Stoicism is as relevant today as it was 2,000 years ago, thanks to its brilliant insights into how to lead a good life.
30:
At the very root of the thinking, there is a very simple way of living – control what you can and accept what you can’t.
31:
This is not as easy as it sounds and will require considerable practice – it can take a lifetime to master.
32:
The Stoics also believed the most important foundation for a good and happy life is not money, fame, power or pleasure, but having a disciplined and principled character – something which seems to resonate with many people today.
video
意义
[[悲剧]]
向死而生-[[存在主义]]
代表人物
[[塞涅卡]]
(约公元前4年-65年)，古罗马政治家. 斯多葛派哲学家，代表作《道德书简》和《自然问题》。
0. 我们何必为人生的片段而哭泣 ，我们的整个生命都催人泪下 。
幸福的生活，就是符合自己本性的生活。
不能摆脱是人生的苦恼根源之一，恋爱尤其是如此。
你愿意征服一切事物吗？那么就让你自己服从理智吧。
不相信任何人和相信任何人，同样都是错误的。
如果一个人不知道他要驶向哪头，那么任何风都不是顺风。
本能的需要是可以满足的，而且很容易办到。使我们焦躁不安的恰恰是其余的那些需要。
未尝过艰辛的人，只能看到世界的一面，而不知其另一面。……真正的人生，只有在经过艰苦卓绝的斗争之后才能实现。
青春不是人生的一段时期，而是心灵的一种状况。
人生如同故事，重要的并不在有多长，而是在有多好。
[[爱比克泰德]]
(约公元55—135年)，古罗马最著名的斯多葛学派哲学家之一。
爱我们所爱，但要知道我们的爱都如朝露，不可执着，不要沉迷。
人生如同赴宴，在其中你的举止应当优雅得体。
人生的意义在于，寻求心灵自由和安宁，遵从自然规律过一种自律自制的生活，无论何时何地都要做灵魂的主人。
伟大的人是这样的：他的心与神同在，尽管身处困境，也不怨天尤人，面对未来，从不会感到失望，不会感到极度和愤怒。
教育的目的不在改变事物的构成，而是为了看到周围事物的本来面目之后，让自己的意志与发生的事情和谐一致。人并没有被赋予改变事物结构的能力，人为的干预并不会让事物变得更好。
一个人在其力所能及的范围内寻找他认为的品德和善，他就会自然地获得自由. 安宁. 幸福. 高尚和虔诚，他会感恩万物，不对任何事吹毛求疵。
最智慧的人知道知识的自然局限，因此他保持自己的天性和初心。脆弱固执的心灵害怕劳累，害怕陌生，这种情况阻碍我们进入智慧。当你克服这种阻碍，信心就增加，自我就完善。
人的价值不在外面，不在与他人的交往和他人的看法里，他人甚至爱你的人，也不一定认同你，理解你，不一定会分享你的热情。做好自己的工作即可，别在意别人对你的看法。
每个人都有自己的使命，这是上天的安排。对于上天安排好的，我们照做追随即可，无需为此而烦恼或担忧。
理性思考不是要求我们冷漠无情，它的任务是批判性地检验我们的推测或猜想。这个过程中可以看出我们的思维以及解释问题时所用的方法。理性不是目的，而是认识的手段。提问质问是理性的动力，我们都需要学习如何理性而非情绪化地提出问题，如果你的理性思考能力受损，那么道德德性就会变得浑浊，因为理性区分真理与谬误，正义与邪恶。人生的境界和层次先要经过理性的验证。
[[马可·奥勒留]]
（公元121~180年），著名的”帝王哲学家”，斯多葛学派代表人物之一，代表作[[沉思录（一部安顿灵魂的大师巨著，最新修订本梁实秋译本）_(奥勒留__梁实秋)_(Z-Library).epub|《沉思录》]]
绝不要去猜测别人的心里在想什么，琢磨别人的心思得的人从来都不是幸福的人。每个人都应该关注自己的内心的所思所想，如果连这一点都做不到，那是很可悲可叹的。
一个人退到任何一个地方都不如退入自己的心灵更为宁静和更少苦恼，特别是当他在心里有这种思想的时候。
一方面能足够强健地承受，另一方面又能保持清醒的品质，正是一个拥有一颗完善的. 不可战胜的灵魂的人的标志。
记住；人生仅存于眼前，它只是十分短暂的一刻；至于过去和未来，前者已是往事，而后者也许永远不会有。因而人的一生是短促的，人所呆的地球的一隅是狭窄的。
不要不情愿地劳作，不要不尊重公共利益，不要不加以适当的考虑，不要分心，不要虚有学问的外表而丧失自己的思想，也不要成为喋喋不休或忙忙碌碌的人。同时，也欢乐吧，不寻求外在的帮助也不要别人给的安宁。这样一个人就必然笔直地站立，而不是让别人扶着直立。
当你做摆在你面前的工作时，你要认真地遵循正确的理性，精力充沛，宁静致远，不分心于任何别的事情，而保持你神圣的部分纯净，仿佛你必定要直接把他归还似的；若你坚持这一点，无所欲望亦无所畏惧，满足于你现在合乎本性的活动满足于你说出的每个词和音节中的勇敢的真诚，你就能生存得幸福。没有人能阻止这一点。
永远记得，你不需要拥有很多，就能拥有一个快乐的生活！
丢开你的意见，那么你就丢开了这种抱怨：“我受到了伤害。”而丢开“我受到了伤害”的抱怨，这伤害也就消失了。
做事不可迟缓，言谈不可杂乱，思想不可游移，灵魂不可完全倾注于自身，或者过分焦躁不安，生活中不可始终忙碌不止。
一理智之人的祸福，并不取决于他自己的感觉，而是取决于他的行为。
如果你做你生活中的每一个行为都仿佛它是最后的行为，排除对理性命令的各种冷漠态度和强烈厌恶，排除私有虚伪,自爱和对给你的那一份的不满之情，你就将使自己得到解脱。
凡是符合本性的事情，就都值得去说，值得去做。不要受责备或流言的影响。如果你认为说得对,做得好，那你就不要贬低自己。别人有别人的判断方式，有自己的特殊倾向，不要去理会他们。径直走自己的路，按照你自己的本性，遵循共同拥有的本性。因为此二者只有一条共同的唯一的路。
不要对事物抱一种那错待你的人所抱的同样的意见，或者抱一种他希望你有的意见，而是要按其本来面目看待事物。